JURUTERA - Jurnal Umum Teknik Terapan

Analysis of the Use of Tubular Scaffoldings at PT. Medco E&P Malaka Asset Block-A Aceh Timur

2026-07-06T06:32:15+00:00

Tubular scaffolding is a construction system that uses steel pipes as a basic frame to support various construction materials, such as sand, stone, cement, and wood. The aim of the study is the types/components that make up tubular scaffolding, the use of tubular scaffolding in accordance with applicable regulations, and how to install, maintain, and dismantle tubular scaffolding used at PT. Medco E&P Malaka. In this study, the conditional probability analysis method was used to determine the use of tubular scaffolding used by PT. Medco E&P Malaka regarding the types/components and applicable regulations. The results of conditional probability data analysis from this research show that the types/components that make up tubular scaffolding and also the regulations for the use of tubular scaffolding used at PT. Medco E&P Malaka show a P(H | E comb) value of 1.00. From the results of this analysis, it can be interpreted that the use of tubular scaffolding meets the types/components and regulations applicable to the erection of a scaffold.

Mass Flow Rate Analysis of a Waste Cooking Oil Burner for MSME Cracker Production

2026-07-04T11:50:30+00:00

Waste cooking oil has considerable potential as an alternative fuel for small-scale food industries, particularly for reducing waste and supporting sustainable energy utilization. However, information regarding the mass flow characteristics of waste cooking oil burners for MSME applications remains limited. This study aims to analyze the mass flow rate of a waste cooking oil burner designed for cracker production and evaluate its operational feasibility based on fuel consumption and operating cost. The experimental system consisted of a self-designed dual-burner stove equipped with flow meter sensors, anemometers, and an Arduino-based data acquisition system. The results showed that the mass flow rates of burner 1 and burner 2 were 0.00691 kg/s and 0.00520 kg/s, respectively, with an air velocity of 4.2 m/s for both burners. Operational testing indicated that approximately 0.480 L of waste cooking oil was consumed to fry 1 kg of crackers. Economic evaluation revealed that although waste cooking oil required higher operational costs than firewood under the investigated conditions, its availability from production waste offers potential as an alternative fuel for MSME applications. These findings provide useful baseline information for the design and optimization of waste cooking oil burner systems in small-scale food processing industries.

Characterization of Sugarcane Bagasse–Coconut Shell Biomass Briquettes Using a Damar Resin–Tapioca Starch Composite Binder: Proximate Analysis, Calorific Value, and Combustion Performance

2026-07-04T11:54:36+00:00

The utilization of biomass waste as a renewable energy source offers a sustainable approach to reducing dependence on fossil fuels while increasing the economic value of agro-industrial residues. Sugarcane bagasse is widely available but has relatively low energy characteristics, making it necessary to combine it with high-carbon biomass such as coconut shell. This study investigated the effect of different proportions of sugarcane bagasse charcoal and coconut shell charcoal, bonded with a composite adhesive of damar resin and tapioca starch, on the proximate characteristics, calorific value, and combustion performance of biomass briquettes. An experimental method was employed using five charcoal compositions (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50). Briquette characterization included moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value measured using a bomb calorimeter, and combustion performance evaluated by measuring flame, container, water, and ambient temperatures with a K-type thermocouple. The results showed that increasing the proportion of coconut shell charcoal increased the calorific value from 6,561.491 cal g⁻¹ to 7,119.492 cal g⁻¹, and all briquette compositions satisfied the minimum requirement of SNI 01-6235-2000. The 70:30 composition exhibited the highest heat transfer efficiency, whereas the 90:10 composition produced the highest flame temperature. These findings demonstrate the potential of sugarcane bagasse–coconut shell briquettes as a sustainable alternative solid fuel.

Numerical Simulation of Two Circular Cylinders Arranged In-line in a Narrow Channel with a Reynolds Number of 1.0x10^5

2026-07-15T02:38:07+00:00

The flow of fluid around the circular cylinder (bluff body) is a fundamental problem in engineering with a wide range of applications, such as in offshore buffer pipes and chimneys. A common phenomenon is the emergence of drag forces, elevator forces, and vortex shedding. This study aims to reduce drag and lift forces in the arrangement of two circular cylinders arranged in line in narrow channels. The variation in the distance between cylinders was tested at T/D = 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 ratios (cylinder diameter D = 25 mm). Reduction efforts are made by placing the disruptor body (d=4) at an angle (0°, 120°, 240°) around the perimeter of the array. Numerical simulation was performed using the 2D unsteady RANS method with Ansys Student Fluent® 2021 software and the turbulence model (K-ω SST) at Reynolds numbers (Re = 1.0x10⁵) in cross-sectional channels (H = 300 mm, L = 150 mm). The results showed that at the T/D = 4.0 ratio, the wake interaction between the two cylinders was no longer dominant. The addition of a disruptor body at an angle (0°, 120°, 240°) has also been shown to be very effective in reducing the drag coefficient (C_D) of both cylinders. The C_D value in cylinder 1 without a disruptor body is 0.762 and with a disruptor body reaches 1.148 (reduction: [percentage with disruptor body Cyl 1]), while in cylinder 2, C_D without a disruptor body is 0.762 and with a disruptor body, it reaches 1.148 (reduction: [percentage with disruptor body Cyl 2]). There are contradictions in the results data. The reduced C_D values (1.148 and 1.148) were actually higher than the C_Dvalues without the disruptor body of 0.762 and 0.762, although the text states that there is a reduction and that it is very effective.

Numerical Study of Flow Characteristics Across Circular Cylinders and Sliced Cylinders of Type-D and Type-I Near Flat Walls

2026-07-15T02:38:05+00:00

Numerical simulations using the Ansys Fluent 2025 R2 CFD solver were conducted to investigate the unsteady and incompressible fluid flow characteristics around circular, D-type, and I-type cylinders positioned near a flat wall. The modified geometries for the D-type and I-type cylinders featured a cutting angle of 65°. This study evaluates the flow dynamics across various gap ratios (G/D) between the cylinders and the flat wall, specifically 0.05, 0.0833, and 0.1167. All simulations were performed at a Reynolds number (Re) of 5.3 using the k-SST turbulence model. The results indicate that decreasing the gap ratio triggers a significant blockage effect, characterized by flow acceleration (jetting) within the lower gap area. Qualitatively, increasing the G/D ratio is shown to delay flow separation and narrow the wake region. Visualizations of velocity and vorticity magnitude confirm that the interaction between the wall boundary layer and the cylinder's shear layer at small gaps inhibits organized vortex formation, although flow stability improves as the gap distance increases.

Numerical Study of the Thermal Performance of a Food Retort Machine Considering Grid Resolution and Operating Temperature

2026-07-15T02:37:25+00:00

Thermal sterilization processes in the food industry require uniform heat distribution so that the microbiological safety of products can be achieved without causing excessive energy consumption. A retort machine is one of the sterilization technologies widely used because it can extend the shelf life of packaged food products. This study aims to numerically evaluate the thermal performance of a retort machine by considering the effects of grid number and operating temperature on temperature distribution, pressure, and heat transfer coefficient. The benefit of this study is to provide a technical basis for selecting the optimum grid and effective operating temperature to support an accurate, stable, and efficient sterilization process. The significance of this study lies in the need of the food industry for a thermal analysis method that can reduce dependence on direct experiments, which require substantial cost, time, and resources. The method used in this study is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation with the realizable k-ε turbulence model, grid variations ranging from 1,145,681 to 4,027,933 elements, a flow velocity of 2 m/s, and inlet temperature variations of 115°C, 117°C, 121°C, and 123°C. The results show that the grid with 3,063,355 elements is the optimum grid because the temperature change compared to the higher grid is not significant. An increase in inlet temperature also increases the surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient. The operating temperature of 121°C showed stable and effective thermal performance based on the CFD simulation results, so it can be considered an initial recommendation in optimizing the thermal performance of the retort. However, its application on an industrial scale still requires further study of the F0 value, sterilization time, product quality, and energy consumption.

Design and Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Based Teleoperated Shuttlecock Launcher for Dynamic Badminton Training

2026-07-15T02:38:04+00:00

Advanced badminton training requires dynamic attack simulations that are difficult to fulfill by human coaches or conventional static machines. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate the performance of an interactive shuttlecock launcher prototype based on the Internet of Things using wireless remote control. The research method uses a quantitative experimental approach through research and development focused on mechanical actuation precision and network transmission reliability. Evaluations were conducted by measuring projectile launch speed and landing accuracy across six random court zones. The results showed a highly proportional mechanical precision with a maximum launch speed reaching three hundred and eight point five kilometers per hour. Spatial accuracy testing resulted in a mean absolute error of zero point twenty-two meters, which is technically advantageous as it simulates the uncertainty of human strokes due to aerodynamic drag. Network performance demonstrated an end-to-end latency of forty-five milliseconds and a data packet loss of zero point four percent, well below the human visual perception threshold of two hundred milliseconds. In conclusion, this system is proven to be highly responsive and capable of transforming a static launcher into a robotic extension for coaches, allowing instant manipulation of speed and direction to train athletes' anticipatory agility in real match conditions.

Analysis of aBiomass-fueled Fish Dryer with a Microcontroller Based Blower System

2026-07-15T02:37:28+00:00

This study analyzes the performance of a biomass-fueled fish dryer equipped with a blower and an automatic control system based on an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. The system consists of a combustion chamber, a drum-shaped drying chamber, a blower, a type-K temperature sensor, and a MAX6675 module controlled via a solid-state relay (SSR). Tests were conducted under no-load and load conditions using milkfish. The results showed average drying temperatures of 78.76 °C and 64.1 °C, with drying rates of 74.2 g/h and 70.6 g/h, respectively. The final moisture contents were 19.1% and 19.4%. The temperature control system operated stably without overshoot and effectively regulated the blower. Heat transfer efficiency reached 64.48% and increased to 70.26%, while the overall thermal efficiency was 3.12% due to the open system design without insulation. Coconut shell biomass proved to be an economical and more sustainable energy source.

Analysis of the Effect of an Initial Crack on the Von Mises Stress Distribution and Elastic Strain of a Reverse Idler Spur Gear Using Finite Element Analysis

2026-07-15T02:37:20+00:00

The reverse idler spur gear is a key component in a manual transmission system that reverses the output shaft rotation during reverse operation. Due to high stress concentration at the tooth root, this component is susceptible to crack initiation and structural failure. This study investigates the effect of an initial crack on the distribution of Von Mises stress and equivalent elastic strain using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Two three-dimensional models were developed: an uncracked model and a cracked model with a semicircular crack of 0.5 mm depth at the tooth root. SCM415 steel was used as the material, and a torque load of 6226.03 Nm was applied. The simulation results showed that the uncracked model produced a maximum Von Mises stress of 805.92 MPa and a maximum equivalent elastic strain of 4.3922 × 10⁻³. In the presence of the initial crack, the maximum stress increased to 1335 MPa and the maximum strain to 6.5499 × 10⁻³, representing increases of 65.65% and 49.13%, respectively. The highest stress and strain concentrations were observed at the crack tip. These findings indicate that even a small initial crack significantly increases local stress concentration and deformation, thereby accelerating crack propagation and increasing the risk of fatigue failure in reverse idler spur gears.

Optimizing Side Guard Angles on Multi-to-Single Conveyors to Minimize Infeed Stuck and Increase Overall Equipment Effectiveness

2026-07-15T02:37:17+00:00

Conveyor system efficiency is essential for maintaining smooth material flow in beverage manufacturing. At PT XYZ, frequent empty-can jamming (infeed stuck) in the multi-to-single conveyor section caused significant filler machine downtime and reduced production efficiency. This study investigated the effect of optimizing the side guard angle from 3° to 2° on reducing infeed stuck and improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). Operational data were collected over five working days through direct observation, production reports, and angle measurements using a digital angle finder. Conveyor performance was evaluated using the availability, performance, and quality components of OEE. The results showed that reducing the side guard angle to 2° improved material flow by decreasing the average infeed stuck duration from 128.0 to 73.1 minutes. Product defects were reduced from 65 to 9 cans, while the production rate increased from 36,300 to 47,760 cans/h. Consequently, the OEE increased from 55.36% to 83.92%, representing an improvement of 28.56%. These findings demonstrate that optimizing the side guard angle effectively minimizes conveyor downtime and speed losses while enhancing production efficiency. The proposed adjustment provides a practical basis for standardizing conveyor setup to improve manufacturing productivity

Analysis of Hydraulic Oil Replacement Intervals and Operating Temperature for Enhancing Hydraulic System Performance in Komatsu Excavator PC2000-11

2026-07-15T02:37:26+00:00

The performance of hydraulic systems in heavy equipment is influenced by hydraulic oil condition, particularly oil replacement intervals and operating temperature. This study aims to analyze the effect of these factors on the hydraulic system performance of a Komatsu PC2000-11 excavator. The research employed an experimental approach through oil analysis and operating temperature monitoring at intervals of 12,983; 13,473; 13,980; and 14,260 operating hours. Oil samples were analyzed using the Oil Spectrometric Analysis (OSA) method with parameters including viscosity, Total Acid Number (TAN), and wear metal content. The results showed that iron (Fe) wear metal concentration increased from 3 ppm to 31.3 ppm as operating hours increased, indicating progressive component wear. The hydraulic system operated within a temperature range of 70–80°C, with a maximum temperature of 95°C, accelerating oil degradation through viscosity changes and oxidation. The study concludes that oil replacement intervals and operating temperature significantly affect oil degradation and hydraulic system performance. Therefore, periodic oil condition monitoring is necessary to determine optimal oil replacement intervals and maintain hydraulic system efficiency.

Thermal Performance Assessment of the Kaligung K3 New Image Passenger Coach Using OTTV and CLTD

2026-08-10T15:57:12+00:00

The Kaligung K3 New Image train is equipped with an air conditioning system to maintain passenger thermal comfort. Passenger comfort can be disturbed by heat from ambient temperature, the train envelope, passengers, lighting, and electronic equipment, thereby increasing the cooling load, the value of which is not yet known. This research aims to calculate heat transfer as an indicator of the thermal performance of the train envelope using the OTTV method and to find out the total cooling load of the passenger room when the train stops at Semarang Poncol Station during the day, during the train boarding process, from factors internal, external, ventilation, and infiltration, including the addition of a safety factor of 10% using the CLTD method. Data were obtained through field measurements, training technical documents, and thermal comfort regulations. The results show an OTTV value of 28.01 W/m² (less than or equal to 35 W/m², SNI 6389:2020) and a total cooling load of 35,237.69 kcal/h (<36,000 kcal/h), indicating that the cooling capacity is sufficient to handle the cooling load. This research concludes that the OTTV and CLTD approach methods are effective for analyzing heat transfer and cooling loads on trains and for evaluating existing cooling capacity.

Machine Learning Models for Estimating High Rainfall Potential Using OMI Atmospheric Features as an Indirect Flood Predictor in Pidie Jaya

2026-07-29T22:52:38+00:00

Pidie Jaya and the upstream mountainous area of Peuet Sagoe/Ulu Masen, Aceh, are frequently affected by flooding from overflow of the Krueng Meureudu River following intense rainfall upstream. This study uses Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) as a proxy for high rainfall potential, enabling indirect flood prediction. Four machine learning models, Linear Regression (LR), Random Forest Regressor (RFR), XGBoost Regressor, and Support Vector Regression (SVR), were developed using NASA OMI-Aura Level-2 OMUVB observations (2019–2026), including UV index, erythemal dose, irradiance, tropospheric ozone column, surface albedo, and spatiotemporal variables. Two feature scenarios were evaluated: one including

Lamberti an Equivalent Reflectivity (LER) and one excluding it. The LER-inclusive scenario achieved high predictive performance (R² up to 0.986) but showed potential data leakage. In contrast, the LER-excluded scenario yielded much lower R² values (0.026–0.169), in dicating that independent OMI atmospheric features provide limited predictive capability. The most influential predictors were OMTO3ColumnAmountO3, CSErythemalDailyDose, CSIrradiance310/380, and Latitude. Analysis of 15 historical flood events revealed tha t most were preceded by high-to-very-high COT percentiles (>P75 –>P90). These results highlight the importance of integrating actual rainfall observations to improve flood early-warning systems in data-scarce regions.

Post-Flood Urban Morphological Transformation of Kuala Simpang, Aceh Tamiang: A Figure-Ground, Linkage, and Place Analysis (2006–2023)

2026-08-24T22:56:43+00:00

Kuala Simpang has developed on a low-lying plain directly influenced by the Tamiang and Manyak Rivers, making the city highly susceptible to flooding. The major flood of 21-22 December 2006 produced inundation of approximately 2 m and disrupted settlements, road networks, public facilities, and urban land functions. This study analyzes the post-2006 morphological transformation of Kuala Simpang through the figure-ground, linkage, and place elements across five periods: 2006, 2007, 2012, 2017, and 2023. A qualitative descriptive design was combined with spatial analysis and a diachronic reading of urban change. Data were obtained through field observations, semi-structured interviews, documentation, spatial-planning documents, maps, and historical Google Earth Pro imagery. Spatial features were digitized and compared between periods, then validated using source triangulation, technique triangulation, member checking, and map overlays. The findings indicate that the 2006 flood acted as a major disruption that altered the direction of urban growth. In the figure-ground element, the proportion of built-up area increased from 38% in 2006 to 63% in 2023, while open space declined from 62% to 37%. The initially radial-concentric road network became fragmented in 2007 and subsequently recovered through the reinforcement of secondary roads and the emergence of alternative routes. In the place element, built-up land increased from 45% to 65%, green open space decreased from 42% to 35%, and vacant land declined from 13% to 0%. Settlement growth shifted mainly eastward and southward, particularly toward Bukit Tempurung and parts of Perdamaian, although development along river buffers continued. These results highlight the need to control development on floodplains, protect river setbacks, expand green open space, and strengthen evacuation and alternative-route networks. These measures are essential for establishing a more resilient and sustainable urban structure.

Techno Economic Assessment of a Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV System for Mosque Electrification Using HOMER: A Case Study in Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia

2026-09-03T15:00:35+00:00

The demand for electrical energy in public facilities such as mosques continues to increase along with the growing use of electrical equipment, while dependence on conventional grid electricity remains high. This study aims to design and analyze the technical performance and economic feasibility of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) power system for a mosque in Aceh Tamiang Regency using HOMER Pro software. The research method includes load data collection, solar radiation data analysis, system configuration design, and optimization-based simulation. The simulation results indicate that the hybrid PV system, consisting of 0.5 kW solar panels, 2 kWh lead-acid batteries, and a 1.2 kW inverter, is capable of producing 992 kWh/year with a renewable energy contribution of 64.4%. The system achieves a Net Present Cost (NPC) of Rp20,893,360 and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of Rp2,039.62/kWh. In addition, the system is able to supply the electrical load without unmet energy demand (unmet load = 0). These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid PV system is technically and economically feasible for application in religious facilities and supports sustainable renewable energy utilization.