SMART CONTRACT SEBAGAI TANTANGAN HUKUM: MEKANISME ADAPTIF KERANGKA PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA
Abstract
Perkembangan teknologi blockchain menghadirkan Smart Contract sebagai perjanjian digital yang dieksekusi secara otomatis melalui kode tanpa campur tangan manusia. Meskipun menawarkan efisiensi, transparansi, dan pengurangan biaya transaksi, penerapannya dalam marketplace digital menimbulkan tantangan hukum, khususnya terkait perlindungan konsumen dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan hukum Smart Contract dalam hukum perdata Indonesia, menilai efektivitas perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi otomatis, serta merumuskan model regulasi yang adaptif. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual dengan analisis bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Smart Contract dapat diakui sebagai perjanjian yang sah sepanjang memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian dalam KUHPerdata dan UU ITE. Namun, sifat self-executing dan immutable pada Smart Contract menimbulkan risiko berupa asimetri informasi, keterbatasan mekanisme koreksi, dan lemahnya posisi tawar konsumen. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan regulasi teknis yang adaptif melalui audit kode, human-readable terms, mekanisme escrow, tanggung jawab pengembang, dan penyelesaian sengketa digital guna menjamin kepastian hukum, keadilan kontraktual, dan perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi berbasis blockchain di Indonesia
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